Washington Lawyer - September/October 2020 - 37

FEATURE
	 2 	 Klayman, J., "Varieties of Confirmation Bias," Psychology of Learning and
Motivation 32, pp. 358-418 (1995).
	 3 	 Nickerson, R. S., "Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many
Guises," Review of General Psychology 2, pp. 175-220 (1998), available at doi.
org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175.
	 4 	 See, e.g., Lidén, M., Gräns, M. & Juslin, P., "From Devil's Advocate to Crime
Fighter: Confirmation Bias and Debiasing Techniques in Prosecutorial
Decision-Making," Psychology, Crime & Law (2018), available at tandfonline.
com/doi/full/10.1080/1068316X.2018.1538417.
	 5 	 Of course, the lawyer in this situation cannot ethically proceed with filing
a lawsuit if there is no non-frivolous basis for the suit. See D.C. Rule 3.1
(Meritorious Claims and Contentions) ("A lawyer shall not bring or defend a
proceeding, or assert or controvert an issue therein, unless there is a basis in
law and fact for doing so that is not frivolous . . . ."). That said, Comment [2] to
Rule 3.1 notes that if the lawyer can make a good faith argument in support
of his or her client's position, then the action is not frivolous "even though
the lawyer believes that the client's position ultimately will not prevail." See
also Model Rule of Prof'l Conduct R. 3.1.
	 6 	 Arkes, H. R. & Blumer, C., "The Psychology of Sunk Cost," Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes 35, pp. 125-140 (1985).
	 7 	 See, e.g., Strough, J., Schlosnagle, L. & DiDonato, L., "Understanding Decisions
About Sunk Costs From Older and Younger Adults' Perspectives," The
Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
66(6), pp. 681-686 (2011); Staw, B. M. & Hoang, H., "Sunk Cost in the NBA: Why
Draft Order Affects Playing Time and Survival in Professional Basketball,"
Administrative Science Quarterly 40, pp. 474-493 (1995).
	 8 	 See Azrin, N. & Holz, W., "Punishment," in W. Honig, ed., Operant Behavior:
Areas of Research and Application, pp. 213-270 (1966).
	 9 	 Madden, G. & Bickel, W., ed., "Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological
Sciences of Discounting," American Psychological Association (2010).
	10 	 See, e.g., Deluty, M. Z., "Self-Control and Impulsiveness Involving Aversive
Events," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 4(3),
pp. 250-266 (1978); Holt, D. H., Green, L., Myerson, J. & Estle, S. J., "Preference
Reversals With Losses," Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15, pp. 89-95 (2008).
	11 	 Green, L., Myerson, J., Oliveira, L. & Chang, S. E., "Discounting of Delayed
and Probabilistic Losses Over a Wide Range of Amounts," Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 101(2), pp. 186-200 (2014), available at doi.
org/10.1002/jeab.56.
	12 	 Lidén, M., Gräns, M. & Juslin, P., "From Devil's Advocate to Crime Fighter:
Confirmation Bias and Debiasing Techniques in Prosecutorial DecisionMaking," Psychology, Crime & Law (2018), available at tandfonline.com/doi/full
/10.1080/1068316X.2018.1538417.
	13 	 Petty, R. E. & Cacioppo, J. T., "The Elaboration Likelihood Model of
Persuasion," Journal of Advances in Experimental Psychology 19, pp. 124-203
(1986).
	14 	 Gino, F., "Do We Listen to Advice Just Because We Paid for It? The Impact of
Advice Cost on Its Use," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
107(2), pp. 234-245 (2008), available at sciencedirect.com/science/article/
abs/pii/S0749597808000435.

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